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Product details
File Size: 19471 KB
Print Length: 692 pages
Page Numbers Source ISBN: 0393320278
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company (June 17, 2000)
Publication Date: May 28, 2012
Sold by: Amazon Digital Services LLC
Language: English
ASIN: B007X02T0E
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This is a solid book to understand what happened in Japan In The years immediately after WWII.On the American administration and the Japanese government and the post-war occupation strategy, its excellent. Alos, the analysis of critical statistics of economic production and hunger are also enlighteningI found, however, too much emphasis on the cartoons and poems of that time period, and not a litany of interviews of people who lived through it.Contemporary writers sometimes reflect a national mood, but often do not.I would trusted more the recollections of scores of common people that experienced it.In fact, insightful man in the street reflections (of which there have been many) about how Japanese felt about the war years and the years immediately after (particularly knowledge of atrocities and how it effected people’s National self view) were rather weak.
After reading this book, I can understand why it won a Pulitzer Prize! However, it's not a quick breezy read. I felt like I'd just completed a graduate level course in postwar Japanese history. My father is a WWII infantry combat veteran and my Mother's first husband was an Army Air Force pilot killed in action during the war. When I was growing up, my father wouldn't have been caught dead with either a German or Japanese car in his driveway! I can remember having the book, "The Art of Japanese Management" as assigned reading, during one of my college business courses. At the time, I wondered, how in less that 30 years, the Japanese went from utter defeat and destruction to "required reading" by American students! Take the time to read this book and you'll learn how all that happened....and more. Oh, and as for the car in my dad's driveway....at 94, he just bough a new "Nissan" Rogue.
The fact that there is so much to cover after Japan surrendered to the US is both surprising and unsurprising. Unsurprising because many eras have been extremely well researched. Surprising, because so much changed for Japan in such a short time, and it is all quite interesting.Dower does an excellent job of explaining the thoughts of all sides (and taking to task the stupidities that some people took), and also telling us why people thought of doing these things. He starts with the utter devastation of WWII, explains the economics of the early years and the enormous want right after surrender. People took advantage of the situation, and many felt despair. Dower covers culture, the occupation's goals and thoughts, the "justice" that was imposed, and finally the boom from the Korean War.Dower always keeps a keen eye on explaining things in a way that does not ascribe some special "Japaneseness/Orientalism" that is alien to the rest of the world. This is for the better, as explaining things through "Japaneseness/Orientalism" is hardly an explanation at all. The amazing results of Japan were done through specific circumstances and people being at the correct time to act.Overall, I found the book to be what I wanted -- a great explanation of how Japan "embraced defeat" and started on the path to becoming the nation it is today. Dower clearly explains how this was done. The style is definitely academic, but I never found it dull, and Dower skewers views when they deserve to be skewered. I'd definitely recommend it to anyone interested in Japan.
Book Review: Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. By John W. Dower. (New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, Ltd, 1999. Pp 676. ISBN 0-393-04686-9) Embracing Defeat begins where the Pacific War ends. It is a detailed examination of Japan in the aftermath of the war. John W. Dower adroitly leads the reader through the arc of this history as Japan literally rises from ashes at war’s end on August 15, 1945, and then guides us through the US Occupation period and beyond. Rather than a simple chronology, Dower organized his book into sections and topics that focus on the Japanese people, their sufferings, the rationalization of their defeat, and their adjustment to a “New Japan.†Dower’s organization provides the reader insight and sensitivity to the range of difficulties faced by a country devastated by war and left with unimaginable challenges to reconstruct a livable country. Clearly, Dower mastered his subject. The depth of the Japanese plight is borne out in sections with titles like “Shattered Lives,†“Displaced Persons,†“Stigmatized Victims,†and “Mocking Defeat.†Japan, a country that was an industrial power in the 1920s, had become a “fourth-rate nation†by war’s end. (44) And while the allies’ story may be explained in the word victory, Dower digs deep in his account of the diverse opinions, emotions, actions, and motivations held by the Japanese people, brought about by the word defeat. A further example of Dower’s organization is that, although General MacArthur’s name is frequently cited, he is almost never the central figure in the narrative. The view is clearly from and about the Japanese. Perhaps the most enlightening sections of Dower’s work are the first few chapters which focus on the conflicted Japanese people. Japanese culture worshipped the Emperor as Deity, in a way comparable to the worship of Jesus Christ to the Christians. To die for the Emperor was deemed an honor to many. The abrupt end to the war and the devastating defeat was literally and figuratively a bombshell which was universally felt by the Japanese people. When Emperor Hirohito broadcast via radio that the war was over, that the war had been in vain, that Japan had been defeated, it was the first time nearly anyone in Japan had heard his voice. Dower tells us that at the time of Emperor Hirohito’s radio broadcast on August 15, approximately 9.0 million people in Japan were homeless and that “approximately 6.5 million Japanese were stranded in Asia, Siberia, and the Pacific Ocean area.†(47, 48) Although Dower tells us that repatriation was “an impressive accomplishment,†many Japanese returned to a country they hardly recognized. “Many adults who returned after years abroad found that their families had been shattered. Urban neighborhoods had been obliterated.†(57) Many never returned. Returning soldiers were often stigmatized victims, according to the author. Many who had been sent off to war with victory parties and chants of “100 million hearts beating as one,†were frequently viewed as pathetic outcasts. In some respects they had let the Emperor down. Onlookers dubbed their military uniforms as “defeat suits,†their shoes as “defeat shoes.†(170) Outcasts represented a large part of the population and included not only veterans, but the homeless, the hungry. Daily living was as hard as imaginable for the impoverished postwar survivors who received little sympathy. Dower characterizes Japanese culture as a harsh environment for outcasts. He states: “There existed no strong tradition of responsibility toward strangers, or of unrequited philanthropy, or of tolerance or even genuine sympathy…toward those who suffered misfortune.†(61) The US Occupation began in late August and the formal surrender took place aboard the USS Missouri on September 2, 1945. General MacArthur, the Supreme Commander of Allied Forces (“SCAPâ€) was given unprecedented authority to bring order to chaos. “SCAP’s mission was nothing less than to carry out the demilitarization and democratization of Japan.†(77) While millions of Japanese were homeless and starving, initial SCAP orders seemed insensitive. They were “not [to] assume any responsibility for the economic rehabilitation of Japan or the strengthening of the Japanese economy….The plight of Japan is the direct outcome of its own behavior.†(529) Almost from the beginning though, this order began to soften; it would change dramatically over time. Dower shows us that over the six-year and eight-month US Occupation, the world changed; thus as new conflicts emerged, the relationship between the United States and her allies changed. These unforeseen changes altered the US-Japanese relationship during the occupation well beyond what could have been imagined in 1945. Amidst the human misery that was so visible in Japan in 1945 and 1946, SCAP proceeded with what must be considered a radical agenda for a victorious occupying power—the implementation of democracy and the development of a new Japanese constitution. “The Americans had long looked askance at the Meiji charter, deeming it incompatible with the healthy development of responsible democratic government.†This made the existing charter incompatible with the primary goals of the United States, its allies, and SCAP. (346) Initially, SCAP endeavored to work through an array of influential Japanese to revise the existing charter or encourage development of a constitution that would be consistent with liberal and democratic ideals required by SCAP and the Potsdam Proclamation. Dower discusses in great detail several unsuccessful Japanese attempts toward this end. The author cites that SCAP’s authority to impose a new constitution on Japan could be rationalized by its authority under Section 6 of the Potsdam Declaration, which stated, “There must be elimination for all time the authority and influence of those who have deceived and misled the people of Japan into embarking on world conquest.†Dower intimates that this was interpreted as requiring the establishment of constitutional protections against future abuses of authority. (347) Dower also cites Sections 10 and 12 as other sections of the Potsdam Declaration that supported SCAP’s involvement in the establishment of a new constitution. After several months and seemingly frustrated, MacArthur and his top aides in Government Section [of SCAP] concluded that “the [Japanese] government was incapable of proposing revisions that would meet the Potsdam requirements.†(360) In February 1946 MacArthur ordered that Government Section draft a new constitution for Japan. This bold act, characteristically MacArthur, was an unprecedented act by an occupying power. Produced in secret in order to devise a way to give it Japanese authorship, this draft, with relatively minor changes, ultimately became the new Japanese constitution in May 1947. It was by all accounts an exceptionally liberal constitution which included reforms such as female suffrage, agrarian reform, and a highly controversial “Article 9†which denunciated war. Dower demonstrates in many ways how the relationship between the vanquished Japanese and the allies represented by SCAP began to shift over time. The most notable of several examples was caused by the emerging Cold War. Initially, SCAP sought to foster reconstruction of Japan on a lesser economic scale and Section 9 forced demilitarization. But as Dower explains, “Driven by Cold War considerations, the Americans began to jettison many of the original ideals of ‘demilitarization and democratization’ that had seemed so unexpected and inspiring to a defeated populace in 1945.†(525) Instead of breaking up big business and prosecuting prominent capitalists and bureaucrats, as Cold War fever mounted, Americans sought to reinvigorate the economy with Japan ultimately viewed as a first line “bulwark against communism.†In the vernacular of the times, this dramatic change was referred to as the “reverse course.†When the Korean War erupted on June 25, 1950, Japan and its US Occupation forces were nothing less than an asset against communist aggression. Moreover, the period leading up to the war saw the revitalization of key heavy industrial expansion in Japan which proved a boon to her economy. Dower tells us that during the Korean War period, American “special procurements†from Japan amounted to billions of US dollars in Japanese exports. These purchases continued for years after the end to the Korean War. Dower states: “This prolonged windfall enabled Japan to increase its imports greatly and virtually double its scale of production in key industries.†(542) Embracing Defeat is a most important contribution to modern Japanese history. On one hand it can be viewed as a capstone to Pacific War history for it does provide an insightful epilogue to the war. In another sense this work provides a genesis to the Japanese Miracle because it ends just as Japan, Inc. is acquiring its economic footing. Dower’s ability to aptly organize his abundant scholarship into very readable prose is also noteworthy. The book belongs on the shelf of any serious student of Japan, or for that matter, any serious student of twentieth-century history.
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